ARCNL in Amsterdam started in 2014 as one of the NWO-I institutes, like NIKHEF. ARCNL is a public-private partnership with ASML with as partners the University of Amsterdam, The Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, and the University of Groningen. ARCNL focuses on fundamental physics and chemistry in the context of technologies for nanolithography, primarily for the semiconductor industry. As ASML is making the “most complex machines ever made my mankind”, the challenges in physics and chemistry are comparably enormous. In this talk the challenges of ASML advanced tools are reflected against highlights from ARCNL's science program, which will show that this public-private partnership not only shortens the distance between proof-of-concept and introduction in a development cycle but also provides a stage for great physics and chemistry.